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Harlan Chapman was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps through the Navy ROTC program at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, on June 11, 1956, and then attended the Basic School at MCS Quantico, Virginia, from June 1956 to April 1957. Lieutenant Chapman then went through pilot training and was designated a Naval Aviator in September 1958, followed by service with Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron One (VMCJ-1) at MCAS El Toro, California, from October 1958 to October 1959, and then deployed to Japan, from October 1959 to December 1960. This was followed by service with H&MS-33 from December 1960 to December 1962, and then with the 1st Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO) with Fleet Marine Force from December 1962 to December 1963. During this time, Captain Chapman completed Army Jump School. His next assignment was with Marine Fighter Squadron 212 (VMF-212) at MCAS Kaneohe, Hawaii, and aboard the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany (CVA-34) from January 1964 until he was forced to eject over North Vietnam and was taken as a Prisoner of War on November 5, 1965.

Colonel Chapman was released during Operation Homecoming on February 12, 1973. Following refresher flight training, he took command of Marine Fighter/Attack Squadron 314 (VMFA-314) at MCAS El Toro, in July 1974, serving in this position until his retirement from the Marine Corps on July 31, 1976.
- Legion of Merit
- Silver Star
- Distinguished Flying Cross
- Bronze Star (2)
- Prisoner of War Medal